- Inductively-coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
- Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS)
- Atomic absorption spectroscopy:
- Graphite furnace (GFAAS)
- Flame (FAAS)
- Hydride-generation (HGAAS)
- Cold-vapor (CVAAS)
- Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
- Hydride-generation (HGAFS)
- Cold-vapor (CVAFS)
- Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA)
- Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS)