William (Les) Dees
Professor Emeritus Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
TAMU Mailstop: 4458
Research and Scholarly Interests
Factors controlling or altering the onset of female puberty.
EDUCATION
- B.S., Texas A&M University, 1971
- B.S., Texas A&M University, 1972
- M.S., Texas A&M University, 1979
- Ph.D., Texas A&M University, 1982
- Post-Doc, University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center, 1986
- Toxicology
- Reproductive Biology
- Physiology
- Taiyeb AM, Muhsen-Alanssari SA, Dees W, Ridha-Albarzanchi MT, Kraemer DC (2014). Improvement in in vitro fertilization outcome following in vivo synchronization of oocyte maturation in mice. EXP BIOL MED (MAYWOOD).
- Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Srivastava VK, Hamilton AM, Dees WL (2014). Prepubertal exposure to elevated manganese results in estradiol regulated mammary gland ductal differentiation and hyperplasia in female rats. EXP BIOL MED (MAYWOOD). 7, 871-882
- Rettori E, De Laurentiis A, Dees WL, Endruhn A, Rettori V (2014). Host neuro- immuno-endocrine responses in periodontal disease. CURR PHARM DES. 29, 4749-59
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2014). Actions and interactions of alcohol and transforming growth factor β1 on prepubertal hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 5, 1321-9
- Taiyeb AM, Ridha MT, Sayes CM, Dees WL, Kraemer DC (2014). Cilostazol administered to female mice induces ovulation of immature oocytes: a contraceptive animal model. LIFE SCI. 1-2, 46-52
- Taiyeb AM, Dees WL, Ridha-Albarzanchi MT, Sayes CM, Kraemer DC (2014). In vitro effects of cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3A inhibitor, on mouse oocyte maturation and morphology. CLIN EXP PHARMACOL PHYSIOL. 2, 147-53
- Mastronardi CA, Yu WH, Srivastava VK, Dees WL, McCann SM (2001). Lipopolysaccharide-induced leptin release is neurally controlled. PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A. 25, 14720-5
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2011). Hypothalamic Glial-to-Neuronal Signaling during Puberty: Influence of Alcohol. INT J ENVIRON RES PUBLIC HEALTH. 7, 2876-94
- Hiney JK, Srivastava VK, Dees WL (2011). Manganese induces IGF-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expressions in the basal hypothalamus during prepubertal female development. TOXICOL SCI. 2, 389-96
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2011). Prepubertal ethanol exposure alters hypothalamic transforming growth factor-a and erbB1 receptor signaling in the female rat. ALCOHOL. 2, 173-81
- Hiney JK, Srivastava VK, Les Dees W (2010). Insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulation of hypothalamic KiSS-1 gene expression is mediated by Akt: effect of alcohol. NEUROSCIENCE. 2, 625-32
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2009). Short-term alcohol administration alters KiSS-1 gene expression in the reproductive hypothalamus of prepubertal female rats. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 9, 1605-14
- Pine MD, Hiney JK, Lee B, Dees WL (2008). The pyrethroid pesticide esfenvalerate suppresses the afternoon rise of luteinizing hormone and delays puberty in female rats. ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT. 9, 1243-7
- Hiney JK, Srivastava VK, Pine MD, Les Dees W (2009). Insulin-like growth factor-I activates KiSS-1 gene expression in the brain of the prepubertal female rat. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 1, 376-84
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Mattison JA, Bartke A, Dees WL (2007). The alcohol-induced suppression of ovarian insulin-like growth factor-1 gene transcription is independent of growth hormone and its receptor. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 5, 880-6
- Srivastava VK, Dissen GA, Ojeda SR, Hiney JK, Pine MD, Dees WL (2007). Effects of alcohol on intraovarian nitric oxide synthase and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in the prepubertal female rhesus monkey. J STUD ALCOHOL DRUGS. 2, 182-91
- Lee B, Hiney JK, Pine MD, Srivastava VK, Dees WL (2007). Manganese stimulates luteinizing hormone releasing hormone secretion in prepubertal female rats: hypothalamic site and mechanism of action. J PHYSIOL. 578, 765-72
- Lee B, Pine M, Johnson L, Rettori V, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2006). Manganese acts centrally to activate reproductive hormone secretion and pubertal development in male rats. REPROD TOXICOL. 4, 580-5
- Srivastava VK, Vijayan E, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2005). Effect of ethanol on follicle stimulating hormone-induced steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in cultured rat granulosa cells. ALCOHOL. 2, 105-11
- Pine MD, Hiney JK, Dearth RK, Bratton GR, Dees WL (2006). IGF-1 administration to prepubertal female rats can overcome delayed puberty caused by maternal Pb exposure. REPROD TOXICOL. 1, 104-9
- Dees WL, Srivastava VK, Hiney JK (2005). Alcohol alters insulin-like growth factor-1 activated oct 2 POU domain gene expression in the immature female hypothalamus. J STUD ALCOHOL. 1, 35-45
- Pine M, Lee B, Dearth R, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2005). Manganese acts centrally to stimulate luteinizing hormone secretion: a potential influence on female pubertal development. TOXICOL SCI. 2, 880-5
- Hiney JK, Dearth RK, Srivastava V, Rettori V, Dees WL (2003). Actions of ethanol on epidermal growth factor receptor activated luteinizing hormone secretion. J STUD ALCOHOL. 6, 809-16
- Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Srivastava V, Les Dees W, Bratton GR (2004). Low level lead (Pb) exposure during gestation and lactation: assessment of effects on pubertal development in Fisher 344 and Sprague-Dawley female rats. LIFE SCI. 9, 1139-48
- Srivastava V, Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Ramirez LM, Bratton GR, Dees WL (2004). The effects of low-level Pb on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in the prepubertal rat ovary. TOXICOL SCI. 1, 35-40
- Srivastava VK, Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Chandrashekar V, Mattison JA, Bartke A, Dees WL (2002). Alcohol suppresses insulin-like growth factor-1 gene expression in prepubertal transgenic female mice overexpressing the bovine growth hormone gene. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 11, 1697-702
- Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Srivastava V, Burdick SB, Bratton GR, Dees WL (2002). Effects of lead (Pb) exposure during gestation and lactation on female pubertal development in the rat. REPROD TOXICOL. 4, 343-52
- Hiney JK, Sower SA, Yu WH, McCann SM, Dees WL (2002). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the preoptic-hypothalamic region of the rat contain lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone III, mammalian luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, or both peptides. PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A. 4, 2386-91
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dearth RK, Les Dees W (2002). Chronic effects of prepubertal ethanol administration on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in the rat ovary. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 1, 107-13
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dearth RK, Les Dees W (2001). Acute effects of ethanol on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in the prepubertal rat ovary. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 10, 1500-5
- Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2000). Leptin acts centrally to induce the prepubertal secretion of luteinizing hormone in the female rat. PEPTIDES. 3, 387-92
- Dees WL, Dissen GA, Hiney JK, Lara F, Ojeda SR (2000). Alcohol ingestion inhibits the increased secretion of puberty-related hormones in the developing female rhesus monkey. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 4, 1325-31
- Dees WL, Hiney JK, Sower SA, Yu WH, McCann SM (1999). Localization of immunoreactive lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the rat brain. PEPTIDES. 12, 1503-11
- Hiney JK, Dearth RK, Lara F 3rd, Wood S, Srivastava V, Les Dees W (1999). Effects of ethanol on leptin secretion and the leptin-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release from late juvenile female rats. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 11, 1785-92
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Rettori V, Dees WL (1999). Effects of ethanol on intraovarian nitric oxide production in the prepubertal rat. J ENDOCRINOL. 1, 69-75
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL (1999). Effects of ethanol on the intraovarian insulin-like growth factor-1 system in the prepubertal rat. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 2, 293-300
- Hiney JK, Srivastava V, Lara T, Dees WL (1998). Ethanol blocks the central action of IGF-1 to induce luteinizing hormone secretion in the prepubertal female rat. LIFE SCI. 4, 301-8
- Srivastava V, Jones BJ, Dookwah H, Hiney JK, Dees WL (1997). Ovarian nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene expression during peripubertal development. LIFE SCI. 15, 1507-16
- Hiney JK, Srivastava V, Nyberg CL, Ojeda SR, Dees WL (1996). Insulin-like growth factor I of peripheral origin acts centrally to accelerate the initiation of female puberty. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 9, 3717-28
- Srivastava V, Hiney JK, Nyberg CL, Dees WL (1995). Effect of ethanol on the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and the IGF-1 receptor in late prepubertal female rats: a correlation with serum IGF-1. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 6, 1467-73
- Dees WL, Hiney JK, Schultea TD, Mayerhofer A, Danilchik M, Dissen GA, Ojeda SR (1995). The primate ovary contains a population of catecholaminergic neuron-like cells expressing nerve growth factor receptors. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 12, 5760-8
- Nyberg CL, Srivastava V, Hiney JK, Lara F, Dees WL (1995). N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels and luteinizing hormone release in immature female rats: effects of stage of pubertal development and exposure to ethanol. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 7, 2874-80
- Bratton GR, Hiney JK, Dees WL (1994). Lead (Pb) alters the norepinephrine-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone from the median eminence of adult male rats in vitro. LIFE SCI. 8, 563-71
- Nyberg CL, Hiney JK, Minks JB, Dees WL (1993). Ethanol alters N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and the onset of puberty in the female rat. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY. 5, 863-8
- Schultea TD, Dees WL, Ojeda SR (1992). Postnatal development of sympathetic and sensory innervation of the rhesus monkey ovary. BIOL REPROD. 5, 760-7
- Hiney JK, Dees WL (1991). Ethanol inhibits luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release from the median eminence of prepubertal female rats in vitro: investigation of its actions on norepinephrine and prostaglandin-E2. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 3, 1404-8
- Dees WL, Skelley CW, Hiney JK, Johnston CA (1990). Actions of ethanol on hypothalamic and pituitary hormones in prepubertal female rats. ALCOHOL. 1, 21-5
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2011). Hypothalamic glial-to-neuronal signaling during puberty: influence of alcohol. INT J ENVIRON RES PUBLIC HEALTH. 7, 2876-94
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2011). Hypothalamic actions and interactions of alcohol and IGF-1 on the expression of glial receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-ß during female pubertal development. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 10, 1812-21
- Hiney JK, Srivastava VK, Dees WL (2011). Manganese induces IGF-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expressions in the basal hypothalamus during prepubertal female development. TOXICOL SCI. 2, 389-96
- Dees WL, Dearth RK, Hooper RN, Brinsko SP, Romano JE, Rahe H, Yu WH, McCann SM (2001). Lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone-III selectively releases follicle stimulating hormone in the bovine. DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRINOL. 4, 279-88
- Berg-von der Emde K, Dees WL, Hiney JK, Hill DF, Dissen GA, Costa ME, Moholt-Siebert M, Ojeda SR (1995). Neurotrophins and the neuroendocrine brain: different neurotrophins sustain anatomically and functionally segregated subsets of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons. J NEUROSCI. 6, 4223-37
- Rettori V, Dees WL, Hiney JK, Lyson K, McCann SM (1994). An interleukin-1-alpha-like neuronal system in the preoptic-hypothalamic region and its induction by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in concentrations which alter pituitary hormone release. NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION. 4, 251-8
- McCann SM, Karanth S, Kamat A, Dees WL, Lyson K, Gimeno M, Rettori V (1994). Induction by cytokines of the pattern of pituitary hormone secretion in infection. NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION. 1, 2-13
- Rettori V, Belova N, Dees WL, Nyberg CL, Gimeno M, McCann SM (1993). Role of nitric oxide in the control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release in vivo and in vitro. PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A. 21, 10130-4
- Aguila MC, Dees WL, Haensly WE, McCann SM (1991). Evidence that somatostatin is localized and synthesized in lymphoid organs. PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A. 24, 11485-9
- Lara HE, Dees WL, Hiney JK, Dissen GA, Rivier C, Ojeda SR (1991). Functional recovery of the developing rat ovary after transplantation: contribution of the extrinsic innervation. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 4, 1849-60
- Hiney JK, Ojeda SR, Dees WL (1991). Insulin-like growth factor I: a possible metabolic signal involved in the regulation of female puberty. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY. 4, 420-3
- Gonzalez D, Dees WL, Hiney JK, Ojeda SR, Saneto RP (1990). Expression of beta-nerve growth factor in cultured cells derived from the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. BRAIN RES. 2, 249-58
- Dees WL, Hiney JK, Fuentes F, Forrest DW (1990). Ethanol alters vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced steroid release from immature rat ovaries in vitro. LIFE SCI. 3, 165-72
- Dees WL, Skelley CW (1990). Effects of ethanol during the onset of female puberty. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY. 1, 64-9
- Dees WL, Skelley CW, Rettori V, Kentroti MS, McCann SM (1988). Influence of ethanol on growth hormone secretion in adult and prepubertal female rats. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY. 5, 495-9
- Kentroti S, Dees WL, McCann SM (1988). Evidence for a physiological role of hypothalamic gastrin-releasing peptide to suppress growth hormone and prolactin release in the rat. PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A. 3, 953-7
- Rettori V, Skelley CW, McCann SM, Dees WL (1987). Detrimental effects of short-term ethanol exposure on reproductive function in the female rat. BIOL REPROD. 5, 1089-96
- McDonald JK, Dees WL, Ahmed CE, Noe BD, Ojeda SR (1987). Biochemical and immunocytochemical characterization of neuropeptide Y in the immature rat ovary. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 5, 1703-10
- Dees WL, Ahmed CE, Ojeda SR (1986). Substance P- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing fibers reach the ovary by independent routes. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 2, 638-41
- Ahmed CE, Dees WL, Ojeda SR (1986). The immature rat ovary is innervated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing fibers and responds to VIP with steroid secretion. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 4, 1682-9
- Dees WL, Skelley CW, Kozlowski GP (1985). Central effects of an antagonist and an antiserum to substance P on serum gonadotropin and prolactin secretion. LIFE SCI. 17, 1627-31
- Dees WL, Rettori V, Kozlowski GP, McCann SM (1985). Ethanol and the pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin in ovariectomized rats. ALCOHOL. 5, 641-6
- Dees WL, Kozlowski GP, Dey R, Ojeda SR (1985). Evidence for the existence of substance P in the prepubertal rat ovary. II. Immunocytochemical localization. BIOL REPROD. 2, 471-6
- Dees WL, Kozlowski GP (1984). Differential effects of ethanol on luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion in the female rat. ALCOHOL. 6, 429-33
- Dees WL, Kozlowski GP (1984). Effects of castration and ethanol on amygdaloid substance P immunoreactivity. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY. 3, 231-5
- Dees WL, Skelley CW, Kozlowski GP (1984). Intragastric cannulation as a method of ethanol administration for neuroendocrine studies. ALCOHOL. 3, 177-80
- Kozlowski GP, Dees WL (1984). Immunocytochemistry for LHRH neurons in the arcuate nucleus area of the rat: fact or artifact? J HISTOCHEM CYTOCHEM. 1, 83-91
- Dees WL, Kozlowski GP (1984). Quantitative and qualitative effects of ethanol on the LHRH-LH axis of the rat. PEPTIDES. Suppl 1, 209-13
- Dees WL, McArthur NH, Harms PG (1984). Effects of ethanol on hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the male rat. An immunocytochemical study. EXP BRAIN RES. 2, 197-202
- Dees WL, Mc Arthur NH, Farr KL, Culler MD, Harms PG (1983). Effects of ethanol on rat hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. A study utilizing radioimmunoassay. BIOL REPROD. 5, 1066-70
- Culler MD, McArthur NH, Dees WL, Owens RE, Harms PG (1982). Inhibition of the postovariectomy depletion of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) by suckling. BIOL REPROD. 4, 633-9
- Culler MD, McArthur NH, Dees WL, Owens RE, Harms PG (1982). Immunocytochemical evidence that suckling inhibits the postovariectomy depletion of median eminence luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY. 4, 258-64
- Dees WL, McArthur NH (1981). Immunohistochemical localization of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the bovine hypothalamus and infundibulum. ANAT REC. 3, 281-5
- Dees WL, Sorensen AM Jr, Kemp WM, McArthur NH (1981). GnRH localization in the equine brain and infundibulum: an immunohistochemical study. BRAIN RES. 1, 123-34
- Dees WL, Sorensen AM Jr, Kemp WM, McArthur NH (1981). Immunohistochemical localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain and infundibulum of the sheep. CELL TISSUE RES. 1, 181-91
- Redetzki HM, Dees WL (1976). Comparison of four kits for enzymatic determination of ethanol in blood. CLIN CHEM. 1, 83-6
- Redetzki HM, Dees WL, Maddox JH (1974). Influence of potassium chloride on alcohol absorption. LIFE SCI. 12, 2145-56
- Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL (2013). Early life manganese exposure upregulates tumor-associated genes in the hypothalamus of female rats: relationship to manganese-induced precocious puberty. TOXICOL SCI. 2, 373-81
- Albarzanchi AM, Sayes CM, Ridha Albarzanchi MT, Fajt VR, Dees WL, Kraemer DC (2013). Cilostazol blocks pregnancy in naturally cycling mice. CONTRACEPTION. 4, 443-8
- Dearth RK, Delgado DA, Hiney JK, Pathiraja T, Oesterreich S, Medina D, Dees WL, Lee AV (2010). Parity-induced decrease in systemic growth hormone alters mammary gland signaling: a potential role in pregnancy protection from breast cancer. CANCER PREV RES (PHILA). 3, 312-21
- Dees WL, Srivastava V, Hiney JK (2009). Actions and interactions of alcohol and insulin-like growth factor-1 on female pubertal development. ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES. 11, 1847-56
- Prestifilippo JP, Fernández-Solari J, De Laurentiis A, Mohn CE, de la Cal C, Reynoso R, Dees WL, Rettori V (2008). Acute effect of manganese on hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone secretion in adult male rats: involvement of specific neurotransmitter systems. TOXICOL SCI. 2, 295-302
- Prestifilippo JP, Fernández-Solari J, Mohn C, De Laurentiis A, McCann SM, Dees W, Rettori V (2007). Effect of manganese on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion in adult male rats. TOXICOL SCI. 1, 75-80
- Dees WL, Hiney JK, McArthur NH, Johnson GA, Dissen GA, Ojeda SR (2006). Origin and ontogeny of mammalian ovarian neurons. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 8, 3789-96
- Mastronardi CA, Srivastava V, Yu WH, Dees WL, McCann SM (2005). Lipopolysaccharide-induced leptin synthesis and release are differentially controlled by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION. 3, 182-8
- Dissen GA, Dearth RK, Scott HM, Ojeda SR, Dees WL (2004). Alcohol alters luteinizing hormone secretion in immature female rhesus monkeys by a hypothalamic action. ENDOCRINOLOGY. 10, 4558-64
- Hiney JK, Srivastava V, Dearth RK, Dees WL (2004). Influence of estradiol on insulin-like growth factor-1-induced luteinizing hormone secretion. BRAIN RES. 1, 91-7
- McCann SM, Karanth S, Mastronardi CA, Dees WL, Childs G, Miller B, Sower S, Yu WH (2002). Hypothalamic control of gonadotropin secretion. PROG BRAIN RES. 141, 151-64
- D'Albora H, Anesetti G, Lombide P, Dees WL, Ojeda SR (2002). Intrinsic neurons in the mammalian ovary. MICROSC RES TECH. 6, 484-9
- Yu WH, Karanth S, Mastronardi CA, Sealfon S, Dean C, Dees WL, McCann SM (2002). Lamprey GnRH-III acts on its putative receptor via nitric oxide to release follicle-stimulating hormone specifically. EXP BIOL MED (MAYWOOD). 9, 786-93
- Dees WL, Srivastava VK, Hiney JK (2001). Alcohol and female puberty: the role of intraovarian systems. ALCOHOL RES HEALTH. 4, 271-5
- McCann SM, Karanth S, Mastronardi CA, Dees WL, Childs G, Miller B, Sower S, Yu WH (2001). Control of gonadotropin secretion by follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and leptin. ARCH MED RES. 6, 476-85
- Hiney JK, VK Srivastava, WL Dees (2016). Manganesse protects against the effects of alcohol on hypothalamic puberty-related hormones. LIFE SCIENCES.
- Srivastava VK, JK Hiney, WL Dees (2016). Manganese stimulated kisspeptin is mediated by the IGF-1/Akt/mTOR pathway. ENDOCRINOLOGY.
- Hiney JK, Srivastava VK, Dees WL (2014). Alcohol alters IGF-1 and transforming growth factor beta1 synthesis in the medial basal hypothalamus of the prepubertal female rat. ALC: CLIN. EXP. RES.
- Dees WL, Hiney JK, Srivastava VK (2015). Alcohol alters hypothalamic glial-neuronal communications involved in the neuroendocrine control of puberty: In vivo and in vitro assessments. ALCOHOL.
- Srivastava VK, JK Hiney, K Stevener, WL Dees (2015). Differential effects of alcohol on excitatory and inhibitory puberty-related peptides in the basal hypothalamus of the female rat. ALC: CLIN EXP RES.